新疆南疆机采棉品种株型结构与产量性状的相关性

【目的】分析不同类型陆地棉品种的株型结构及产量性状,研究高产优质机采棉品种的株型结构与产量结构的特点,为棉花结构育种提供理论参考。【方法】测试不同机采棉品种的株型结构性状及产量结构相关指标,利用差异显著性分析、相关分析等统计方法,研究几种机采棉品种的株型性状、产量结构性状及其相关性特点。【结果】籽棉产量与株高、主茎节间长、果枝数、果节数存在正相关但不显著,与果枝始节高度呈负相关;株高与果枝始节高存在显著正相关,与主茎节间长度呈极显著相关; 17N11株型为塔型结构,其底部主茎叶片保留完整、籽棉产量、株高最高,而17N13主茎叶片数最多,17N5则具有最小的叶片脱落率;在棉花株型结构的共性方面,棉花果枝角度具有由上至下呈增大趋势,而变异能力则呈现与之相反的趋势(上部＞中部＞下部)。棉花主茎叶大小具有由上部至下部减小的趋势,变异能力亦呈现与之相反的趋势(下部＞中部＞上部)。【结论】株型结构具备中、上部果枝夹角较小(上部＜32.0°,中部＜50.0°),主茎叶总面积高于320 cm²,下部主茎叶片脱落率低于20%的机采棉品种产量优势显著,中上部果枝夹角、主茎叶总面积、下部主茎叶片脱落率可作为株型育种后代材料选择依据。     

新疆枣花芽分化和单花发育过程观察与分析

【目的】研究新疆枣区主栽品种灰枣、骏枣花芽分化和单花发育的规律,为枣优质丰产栽培和提质增效提供参考依据。【方法】以2种枣品种为试材,从枣股开始萌动到枣吊停止生长阶段采样,采用石蜡切片法和体视镜观察花芽形态分化和花发育过程。【结果】骏枣、灰枣花芽形态分化进程可分为6个时期,自4月14日和4月17日从枣股刚萌动开始进入分化初期到雌蕊分化期分别需7 d和11 d;2种枣品种枣吊萌发生长到15 mm左右,已完成分化初期、萼片分化期和花瓣分化期,灰枣的花瓣分化期到雄蕊分化期需3~4 d,比骏枣多需2~3 d灰枣和骏枣雄蕊分化期到雌蕊分化期需要2 d。枣花为日开型,在10:00左右进入蕾裂期到子房膨大期有经历6个时期,灰枣和骏枣花发育各阶段差异不明显,但骏枣柱头开裂和授粉受精比灰枣提前。【结论】骏枣花芽分化比灰枣早3 d,且分化更迅速,在分化过程中各花器原基的分化具有顺序性和不可逆性,各个花器原基出现后,进一步分化形成花器官,最后进入开花阶段。     

退化草原恢复中草原植物群落特征的变化

【目的】分析实施禁牧和草畜平衡后的退化草原植被群落特征,研究退化草原生态环境恢复情况,为乌鲁木齐市退化草地的恢复重建提供科学指导。【方法】选取乌鲁木齐市实施禁牧和草畜平衡的天然草地为对象,对不同恢复年限禁牧区和草畜平衡区的植被长势变化及植物群落平均高度、盖度和地上生物量等进行实地调查和分析,研究退化草地在恢复过程中植物群落特征的变化。【结果】(1)实施草原补奖政策后,恢复5 a后较恢复1 a,恢复8 a较恢复5 a草原植物长势明显变好。(2)禁牧区不同草地类型的植被盖度、高度和生物量随恢复时间的延长呈上升趋势,草畜平衡区不同草地类呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在恢复8 a时出现下降趋势,这可能与2018年乌鲁木齐市降雨量较低有关。【结论】通过实施禁牧和草畜平衡,乌鲁木齐市草地退化的现象得到了一定程度的遏制和改善,在政策实施8 a后草地植被恢复较好,但不同草地类型的变化有所差异,需继续加强草地资源监测。     

重庆地区一次冬季强降温过程诊断分析

为了更全面地认识重庆地区冬季强降温发生机制,文章利用常规地面观测资料、探空资料及数值模式资料,采用天气动力学诊断方法,对重庆地区2018年1月22日-29日强降温天气过程的天气系统演变特征、动力结构特征及水汽条件进行分析。结果表明：(1)1月22日-29日冷空气由东北路径侵入重庆地区,72h内日平均温度普遍下降6℃及以上,东北部地区由于先受冷空气影响且海拔普遍偏高,较西部地区先出现大范围降温且最低温度普遍低于西部地区,出现雨雪天气；西部地区在高、低空急流及川东低涡切变线的动力作用下,配合充足的水汽条件较东部地区先出现大范围降雨,东北路冷空气回流至西部地区,并持续低温阴雨天气。(2)贝加尔湖以西的低压系统、冷中心及东北冷涡、高低空急流、中低层低涡切变线是预报重庆地区此次强降温伴随雨(雪)天气的出现时间及影响区域的重要预报着眼点。     

不同土层复配方案对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机质的影响

为探究“治沟造地”重大工程项目（GLCP）中新增耕地快速改良的方法，达到营造良好土壤、提升新增耕地生产能力的目的，以延安羊圈沟流域的GLCP为背景，利用马兰黄土（ML）和红黏土（RC）对新造耕地0~30 cm土层进行复配试验。结果表明：当RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm（T3处理）时，复配层土壤孔隙度较对照处理增加了16.7%，容重下降了11.1%。与对照组相比，T3处理0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（W_0.25）显著增加，分别增加了11.8、12.3倍和27.9倍；T2（RC为25 cm、ML为5 cm）、T3处理更利于大团聚体的形成，较对照组除在0.25~0.5、0.5~1 mm的粒级有较大增加外，在2~5 mm和>5 mm粒径范围也有明显增加。0~20 cm土层中，即使在考虑对照组前期土壤有机质积累的情况下，T3处理的土壤有机质也与对照组相近甚至更高，且高于其他试验组，表现出更好的有机质赋存能力。T3处理的玉米生长状况较好，其地上生物量最高，较对照组提高了23.9%。研究表明，当复配土壤RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm时，土壤具有最佳的性状和生产力。试验初步证明土层复配是一种可行的快速营造高质量土壤的方法，该方法可为GLCP新造地的改良及类似土地整治工程的实施提供实践参考。     

Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Physical Characteristics as Affected by Land Uses under Semiarid Irrigated Conditions

ABSTRACT

Rice-Wheat rotation is the dominant land use in the state of Punjab, resulting in over exploitation of ground water resources. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate other land uses that requires less water and are sustainable. The present investigation was planned with four land uses viz., fallow (FLU), rice-wheat (ALU), grasses (GLU) and pear (PLU) with respect to their effect on soil organic carbon and soil physical characteristics in surface and subsurface depth in district Ludhiana, Punjab. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was higher by 10, 30.9 and 24.9% under rice-wheat, grasses, and pear than that under fallow. The grasses showed higher soil moisture characteristics curve (SMCC) and lower bulk density (Db) than that under rice-wheat. The larger mean weight diameter (MWD) were observed under pear, grasses and fallow than that under rice-wheat by 0.21, 0.51 and 0.41 mm, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) was higher in magnitude by 56.1, 55.4 and 28%, respectively under PLU, GLU and FLU over ALU. Of the evaluated land uses, pear and grasses proved to be more sustainable by retaining more moisture, maintaining better soil physical characteristics and SOC under semiarid irrigated conditions in the state on long term gradual response.     

The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.